Chaos formation by sublimation of volatile-rich substrate: Evidence from Galaxias Chaos, Mars

Galaxias Chaos deviates significantly from other chaotic regions due to the lack of associated outflow channels, lack of big elevation differences between the chaos and the surrounding terrain and due to gradual trough formation.A sequence of troughs in different stages is observed, and examples of closed troughs within blocks suggest that the trough formation is governed by a local stress field rather than a regional stress field. Moreover, geomorphic evidence suggests that Galaxias Chaos is capped by Elysium lavas, which superpose an unstable subsurface layer that causes chaotic tilting of blocks and trough formation.Based on regional mapping we suggest a formation model, where Vastitas Borealis Formation embedded between Elysium lavas is the unstable subsurface material, because gradual volatile loss causes shrinkage and differential substrate movement. This process undermines the lava cap, depressions form and gradually troughs develop producing a jigsaw puzzle of blocks due to trough coalescence.Observations of chaos west of Elysium Rise indicate that this process might have been widespread along the contact between Vastitas Borealis Formation and Elysium lavas. However, the chaotic regions have probably been superposed by Elysium/Utopia flows to the NW of Elysium Rise, and partly submerged with younger lavas to the west.