Eurabia: The Great Replacement Conspiracy Theory in Europe

This chapter analyses the Eurabia conspiracy theory, a European version of the overall Great Replacement conspiracy theory. Populist leaders use the notion of Eurabia to advance their political agendas by framing Muslim migration as a threat to European culture and identity. They depict Muslims as invaders, part of a coordinated effort to conquer Europe, and assert that this is facilitated by domestic elites accused of betraying the populace. The chapter traces the Eurabia theory's historical roots, societal impacts, and influence on European political discourse and policymaking. It focuses especially on its amplification after the 9/11 attacks and further expansion during the 2015 Refugee Crisis. The study highlights the manipulation of this theory by political figures to cultivate Islamophobia. These leaders position themselves as defenders of the ‘pure people’ against both external and domestic threats, leveraging these narratives to gather support and increase their influence in democratic politics. The chapter concludes with reflections on the broader implications of such conspiracy theories for European society and politics, emphasizing their role in shaping political narratives and policies.