Exploring the link between runners’ involvement and well-being using the psychological continuum model

Although leisure scholars have extensively examined the relationship between leisure and well-being, most research has focused on life satisfaction as the primary outcome. This study applied the Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) to explore how varying levels of involvement in running relate to the PERMA framework elements—positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment—and life satisfaction. Data from participants (N = 666) in the 2024 Reykjavik Marathon revealed that individuals in the allegiance stage scored higher on all well-being indicators than those in the attraction and attachment stages. However, no significant differences in well-being were observed between the attraction and attachment stages except for accomplishment. Additionally, participants in the attachment stage reported a greater sense of accomplishment than those in the attraction stage. These findings extend the application of the PCM in leisure contexts and offer valuable insights into the role of running as a leisure activity that promotes well-being.