Exploring traditional and complementary medicine in the Nordic countries: A mixed-methods research protocol

Introduction: Traditional and Complementary Medicine (T&CM) has long been part of healthcare practices in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden). T&CM includes traditional medicine (TM), rooted in cultural and historical practices, and complementary medicine (CM), which is used alongside conventional treatments. The reported prevalence of T&CM use in the Nordic region ranges from 24% to 71%, while the prevalence of TM specifically remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the use of T&CM in the Nordic countries, focusing on medicinal plants, animal-based remedies, spiritual practices, and body-based therapies. It will explore health perceptions, illness management, the integration of T&CM into health-seeking behaviours, the transmission of traditional knowledge, and perspectives on the future role of T&CM in health and preparedness. Methods: A sequential mixed-methods design with two phases will be employed. The study will include approximately 100 participants in Phase 1 and 5,000 participants in Phase 2, equally distributed across the five Nordic countries. Phase 1 will use qualitative, semi-structured in-depth interviews to explore health-seeking behaviours and T&CM practices. Phase 2 will involve a cross-sectional online survey, using the I-CAM-Q questionnaire, to assess the prevalence and patterns of T&CM use, perceived effectiveness, adverse effects, and communication with healthcare providers. Data will be analysed using qualitative content analysis in Phase 1 and descriptive and inferential statistics in Phase 2. Discussion: This study provides a framework for understanding T&CM use in the Nordic countries. Using Whole Systems Research (WSR), it captures the interconnected nature of T&CM practices, emphasizing their cultural significance and integration into healthcare systems. Despite challenges such as sampling bias and digital exclusion, the study's robust design and participatory approach ensure its inclusivity and relevance. Conclusion: The findings are expected to contribute to academic literature, inform healthcare policy, and promote culturally sensitive, holistic approaches to health.