Gender and socio-economic determinants of rural household adoption of clean energy practices in Uganda: Implications for energy transition pathways

This study explores how gender, socio-economic factors, and cultural norms shape rural household energy transitions in Uganda—an area underexamined in sub-national, gender-informed energy research. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study draws on data from 675 household surveys and 24 focus group discussions across six districts. Analytical methods included ordinal logistic regression using the Adjacent Categories Model (ACM) and thematic coding of qualitative data. The study draws on the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF), Feminist Political Ecology (FPE), and energy ladder and stacking models. Results show that 98 % of households continue to rely on biomass fuels, with energy stacking driven by affordability and supply constraints rather than deliberate progression toward cleaner options. Poverty, limited infrastructure, cultural preferences, and gendered divisions of labour and decision-making constrain the adoption of clean energy technologies. While women and girls predominantly collect firewood, male participation increased in certain districts (e.g., Adjumani and Luweero), reflecting localised shifts in labour roles. Income diversification, participation in savings groups (VSLAs), and knowledge of environmental issues significantly improve the likelihood of cleaner energy adoption. The study contributes to the energy social science research by combining gender and context-specific analysis with mixed methods and a multi-theoretical framework. It underscores the need for integrated, locally grounded policy interventions that address structural and socio-cultural barriers to energy transition.