Inflow Dynamics in Weakly Stratified Lakes Subject to Large Isopycnal Displacements

The effect of large-amplitude isopycnal displacements, frequently observed in deep medium-size arctic lakes during the ice-free period, on the near- and far-field fate of negatively buoyant river inflows is explored in this work. A three-dimensional transport and hydrodynamic model of sub-arctic Lake Lagarfljót was used to simulate the fate of river inflows during the summer stratification period. The intrusion dynamics are strongly affected by the amplitude and direction (downwelling/upwelling) of the isopycnal displacements induced by the wind near the river inlet. These displacements control the distance of travel of the river plume until reaching the layers with maximum density gradients (pycnocline) and, thus, the mixing ratio between the river plume and the lake water. Specifically, strong upwelling near the inlet causes the river to flow to the bottom as an underflow. Under downwelling, river plumes tend to form metalimnetic intrusions. The influence of the isopycnal displacements on the initial river fate can be parameterized using a time-varying density Richardson number, which needs to be smoothed to account for the effects of unsteadiness. Large amplitude internal motions, of up to 70 m in Lake Lagarfljót, move deep underflows upwards to shallower basins where they could be readily incorporated into the surface mixed layer and rapidly flushed out of the lake. Metalimnetic currents associated with the V2H1 internal circulation can also accelerate riverine transport out of the lake.