The Weaponization of Conspiracy Theories 1

Populist politicians have increasingly weaponized conspiracy theories through disinformation campaigns to further their interests. This chapter explores the integration of conspiracy theories and populism in contemporary politics, highlighting a shift from the fringes to the mainstream over the recent decades. It outlines a threefold strategy used by conspiracist nativist populists: firstly, fabricating external threats to the nation; secondly, accusing domestic elites of betrayal and collusion with these imagined enemies; and thirdly, positioning themselves as the true protectors of the “pure people.” The chapter examines three predominant conspiracy theories in this light: the Eurabia theory in Western Europe, the Deep State theory in the USA, and anti-Western conspiracy theories in Russia. These theories are not only rhetorical tools for political ends but also inadvertently fuel violent actions among their adherents. The chapter aims to enhance our comprehension of how populists weaponize conspiracy theories for their political advantage, posing significant challenges to the stability of liberal democracies.